Cause & Context
After General Li Jing crushed the Eastern Turkic Khaganate in 630 CE, Tang Taizong's inclusive border policy of ethnic autonomy earned the profound loyalty of steppe confederations.
Epochal Overview
Nomadic and oasis leaders assembled at Chang'an and proclaimed Emperor Taizong 'Heavenly Qaghan' (Tengeri Qaghan), making the Chinese emperor the dual sovereign of agrarian and steppe civilizations.
Key Figures
Emperor Taizong implemented universal treatment for all subjects, integrating foreign generals like Ashina She'er into high imperial command.
Civilizational Impact
The Heavenly Qaghan system established the cosmopolitan Pax Sinica, opening protected overland highways ('Road to Heavenly Qaghan') and facilitating unprecedented Eurasian globalization.