Cause & Context
Mid Northern Song faced the severe three-redundancies fiscal crisis of redundant officials, redundant troops, and redundant expense, with bureaucracy bloated beyond use and local livelihood in poverty. The court urgently needed top-down institutional renewal to save its ruling crisis.
Epochal Overview
, with Emperor Renzong's support, presided over the New Policies, focusing on rectifying bureaucratic order, restricting noble inheritance privilege, assessing officials' real performance, and establishing commoner schools. But for touching conservative interests it was strangled by joint resistance.
Civilizational Impact
Though the New Policies were implemented for only a year before announced failure, they raised the grand curtain of comprehensive institutional reform in mid-late Northern Song. They greatly awakened the scholar-official class's state responsibility and Confucian-realm sentiment.
Key Figures
was a great Confucian with the paramount political integrity of before-the-world-worries and after-the-world-is-happy. Conservative bureaucrats colluded at court and accused new-policy ministers of forming factions and being partisans.