Royals › Monarch / Emperor

Liu Bei

Founder of Shu Han, a distant Han kinsman who won Zhuge Liang's service, took Yizhou and proclaimed himself emperor at Chengdu in 221

Also known as Zi Xuande · Hanzhao Liedi

Liu Bei, courtesy name Xuande, came from Zhuo commandery and claimed descent from Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan and a son of Emperor Jing of Han. At the end of the Eastern Han he raised troops against the Yellow Turbans, with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, and served in turn Gongsun Zan, Tao Qian, Cao Cao, Yuan Shao and Liu Biao. In 207 he called on Zhuge Liang three times, and the next year his alliance with Sun Quan defeated Cao Cao at Red Cliffs; he then held southern Jingzhou and in 214 took Yizhou. In 221, with the reign title Zhangwu, he declared himself emperor of Han at Chengdu, and the following year he attacked Wu to recover Jingzhou, only to lose to Lu Xun at Yiling. Dying at Yong'an in 223, he entrusted his heir Liu Shan to Zhuge Liang, and was named the Zhaolie Emperor. Chen Shou's verdict in the *Records of the Three Kingdoms* (*Sanguozhi*) calls him resolute and generous, a judge of men.

Life and times

  1. 161 CEBornHanThree Kingdoms
  2. 208Battle of Red CliffsTook partage 47The Sun-Liu alliance used a fire attack to defeat Cao Cao's river fleet, checking his southern advance and reshaping the Yangtze power balance.
    1. Zhuge Liang Forges the Sun-Liu AllianceZhuge Liang traveled to Chaisang to negotiate an alliance with Sun Quan, while Zhou Yu and Lu Su convinced the court to resist Cao Cao's armada.
    2. Red Cliffs Fire Defeats Cao CaoIn 208 the alliance of Sun Quan and Liu Bei used a fire attack at Red Cliffs to defeat Cao Cao's fleet, checking his advance and helping establish the later Three Kingdoms rivalry.
  3. 220Three Kingdoms DivideTook partage 59Cao Pi founded Wei, Liu Bei founded Shu Han, and Sun Quan ruled Wu as three courts contested Jingzhou, Hanzhong, and the frontier.
    1. Liu Bei's Three Visits to Longzhongc. 207age 46Liu Bei called three times on the recluse Zhuge Liang, who set out a plan to hold Jingzhou and Yizhou and ally with Sun Quan.
  4. 221Battle of YilingTook partage 60Burning connected encampments along the Yangtze, finalizing the tripartite borders of the Three Kingdoms.
    1. Lu Xun Burns Liu Bei's CampsLu Xun withheld attacks during scorching summer months before launching fire attacks against Liu Bei's extended camps at Yiling.
    2. Liu Bei Entrusts Zhuge Liang223age 62In 223, while gravely ill at Baidicheng, Liu Bei entrusted Zhuge Liang with the future of Shu Han.
  5. 223 CEDied
  6. 225Zhuge Liang Southern CampaignPrecursorWinning hearts through seven captures of Meng Huo, integrating the Southwest into the imperial fold.

Works

  1. Literature · Sayings2
    1. No Good Deed Too Small to DoThree KingdomsLine from Liu Bei's deathbed edict to his son: never neglect a small kindness
    2. No Wrong Too Small to ShunThree KingdomsLine from Liu Bei's deathbed edict to his son: never excuse a small wrong
  2. Literature · Prose1
    1. Testamentary Edict to the Later RulerThree KingdomsLiu Bei's deathbed edict to his heir Liu Shan at Baidicheng, urging virtue and wide reading

Family tree

  1. Direct kin
    Liu Bei