Art of War Spring and Autumn period to present Sun Wu's thirteen chapters, weighing war through politics, terrain and psychology, first of the Song Seven Military Classics. Board Game Strategy Spring and Autumn period to present Go's contest for space and xiangqi's ranks of pieces: the 19-line board of the Tang and the 32-piece game of the Song. Weapons & Formations Shang dynasty to late Qing Shang bronze dagger-axes and chariots, Sun Bin on formations, and Qi Jiguang's mandarin-duck formation: an army fighting as one. Balance of Power Warring States period to present Warring States alliances and counterweights, seeking local advantage despite weaker resources. Thirty-Six Stratagems Northern and Southern dynasties to present Soldiers' and popular stratagems, such as 'running away is the best plan', for facing an opponent from a weak position. Scorched Earth Late Eastern Han to present Trading geographic depth and emptied supplies for time against a stronger enemy. Longzhong Plan Late Eastern Han to present Zhuge Liang's plan to hold Jing and Yi, ally with Wu against Cao and divide the realm in three. Firearms Evolution Southern Song to late Qing From the bamboo fire lance at De'an and the Yuan bronze gun to the European-style Hongyi cannon at Ningyuan. Loose-Rein Rule Han dynasty to Qing Yongzheng reign A flexible system that governed frontier regions indirectly through enfeoffed hereditary chiefs. Tai Chi Principles Late Ming-early Qing to present Military ideas of 'moving later, arriving first' carried into the force and sparring of Chen and Yang style boxing.